Bakcground & Aims: Mice models as in-VIVO model for cancer research provide significant help to researchers about the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in dynamic systems which affected by many factors such as hormones, various cellular communications, diets, and chemicals. One of the most common cancer is hepatocarcinoma or liver cell cancer, which has different stages and caused by various environmental and genetical factors. Thioacetamide is a kind of toxin which destroys liver tissue through affects the mechanisms of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis by the destruction or damage of cell structure induction pathways, increasing the risk of genetic errors and stimulating the evolution of cells into malignant neoplasia, and is used in many industries such as leather, textile, paper and rubber, but its carcinogenic mechanisms are not well defined. In order to diagnose liver cancer, there are various methods including liver function test such as ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (Gamma glutamyl transferase) and tumor markers such as CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) and AFP (Alpha fetoprotein), which are most widely used prognosticators for determining cancer, but their specificity and sensitivity is not high. Therefore, the direct method of examining the tissue, pathology method is used for the final diagnosis of cancer. It shows the structural changes of the cells. In this study, by using the in-VIVO modeling of cancer in mice exposed to a toxic substance, we have investigated different stages of hepatocarcinogenesis process, in order to help doctors to have in-VIVO samples at every stage of the occurrence of this cancer for treatment purposes and to make decisions about how to treat and test different drugs. Methods: In this research, in order to determine the tolerance and lethal dose of thioacetamide, before starting the main experiment, 18 male mice in 3 groups of 6 were treated for 4 months with different doses of thioacetamide including 100, 200 and 300 mg/L respectively and after observing the process of mortality, causing shock, lethargy and investigating the cause of death after surgery in different groups, the best dose was determined. More than half of the mice in the high-dose group were shock and died in less than a month, while in the low-dose group, the tissues were still healthy after surgery and just in the middle dose receiver mice, the tissue changes was obtained, which was precisely determined during the main test by examining the pathology of the changes. After determining the carcinogenic concentration of thioacetamide, in this study, 200 mg/L (equivalent to 33 mg/l daily TAA) of thioacetamide was consumed as a solution in drinking water to make liver cancer in mice. Mice were euthanized by ketamine/xylazine after 2 and 4 months. Then the livers of mice were separate in formalin to investigate the cancer process. After staining with Hematoxylin/Eosin, the tissue samples were studied using a light microscope with different magnifications by a camera installed on the microscope and a computer system connected to the camera with DINO CAPTURE software. Results: Liver samples were examined in terms of morphology, cytoplasmic staining, nuclear size and cellular atypia (abnormality and uniformity of cells). Also, for staging in case of cancer, the size of tumors, the number of lymph nodes containing tumor and the rate of spread (metastasis) were investigated. No histopathological lesion was observed in the samples taken from the liver of the control group and the liver had a normal structure. Among the tissue lesions created in the group that were euthanized after 2 months, we can mention mild to moderate dysplasia, which is associated with hypertrophy (enlargement) of liver cell nuclei, bordering of nuclei, degeneration of some cells, and swelling of cell walls. Also, in some areas, the expansion of diss space and sinusoid can be seen. The liver tissue of mice exposed to thioacetamide for 4 months is completely necrotic. Hepatic lobules and dysplastic hepatic portal space can be seen and focal structural changes are also observed. Many necrotic foci are seen in the liver, which indicates the destructive effect of thioacetamide in acute liver damage. Hepatic lobules and dysplastic hepatic portal space can be seen and focal structural changes are also observed. Many necrotic foci are seen in the liver, which indicates the destructive effect of thioacetamide in acute liver damage. Conclusion: In VIVO mice models are key tools for oncology, pharmaceutical, genetics and other research studies. Considering that nearly five hundred thousand patients are diagnosed with liver cancer every year and it is associated with a poor prognosis, therefore creating experimental models to define the pathogenesis of HCC that occurs in the early stages of liver cancer can be a solution in the direction of reduce the cost of cancer research. Our results showed that thioacetamide as an organosulfur can change the structure of liver cells and severely inflame the tissue during 4 months. Thioacetamide leading to apoptosis and necrosis of these cells by CYP2E1 enzymes present in liver microsomes through the mechanism of oxidation to thioacetamide S-oxide, which changes the permeability of cells, increases intracellular calcium concentration, increases nuclear volume and inhibits mitochondrial activity by reducing their membrane potential in liver cells. TAA has long been recognized as a hepatotoxin that requires biological activation of S oxidation to thioacetamide oxide (TASO) and then to the highly reactive S-Oxide (TASO2) and can be tautomerized to acyl species which capable of transforming cellular nucleophiles include phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids and proteins with lysine side chains. Liver cells can effectively oxidize TA to TASO and TA make strongly covalent bonds with lipids and proteins. Exposure to this substance can activate the ROS system (reactive oxygen species) such as nitric oxide (NO), which causes cell death due to interaction with superoxidase ion and the formation of peroxynitrite, which causes a significant decrease in FRAP values, which indicates the capacity of antioxidant. It can also affect the pre-apoptotic signaling pathways through G protein-coupled receptors, as well as the effect on the phosphorylation of the transcription factor P53, the production of inflammatory cytokines such as NF-kB, the metabolism and apoptosis of cells. In this project, after 2 months of exposure the mice to thioacetamide, liver tissue cells gradually changed towards fibrosis and after 4 months, some cells changed to necrosis, which indicates the irreversible effects of this substance in the body. In conclusion, it seems that mice model has the potential to be used as accessible strategies replace human samples.

Background: Nowadays one of the most common causes of death is cancer worldwide, which its incidence and mortality rate dramatically increasing in Iran. Saffron herb is locally grown in South Khorasan. The present study reviewed the anticancer properties of saffron stigma on various macromolecule, cell, and animal models. In traditional medicine saffron herb treated many diseases including diabetes, blood pressure and cancer. The modern medical findings indicate that this herb and its active metabolites can be used to produce alternative antitumor drugs. Saffron selectively suppressed growth and proliferation of cancer cells while did not show any inhibitory effect on growth of normal cells. In addition, it reduced the side effects of common therapies. The main components of saffron stigma are monoterpene aldehydes and carotenoides. Its carotenoids, for instance crocin and crocetin, illustrated antioxidant, anticancer and antimutagenic properties more than other metabolites.This review suggested that anti-tumor drugs from saffron stigma can be applied as alternative, safe and promising agents.

This study was conducted to determine digestibility and nutritive value of vetch and bitter vetch seed by proximate analysis of feed. In addition, digestibility coefficients of dry matter and nutrients of vetch and bitter vetch seed were measured. The chemical analysis indicated that percentage of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber, (CP) ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and Ash for vetch seed were 92.23, 87.42, 24.65, 7.76, 2.29, 52.72 and 12.58%, respectively. The similar analysis for bitter vetch seed were: 93.34, 88.99, 22.97, 9.50, 1.34, 55.18 and 11.01 %, respectively. In VIVO digestibility coefficient of both vetch and bitter vetch seed were determined by using four Mehraban ram. The diets were formulated by using 40% straw plus 60% vetch or bitter vetch seed, based on maintenance requirement of sheep. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE of vetch seed were 90.02, 94.67, 85.83, 84.47, 79.84 and 97.90%, respectively. Similar measurements for bitter vetch seed, were 80.22, 82.81, 74.66, 52.60, 75.31 and 89.59%, respectively. These findings demonstrated that digestibility of vetch seed is significantly higher (P<0.05). Than bitter vetch seed. Total nutrient digestibility (TDN), Lara metabolic energy (ME), Net energy (NE) and Barerm unit of feed (UP) were 83%, 3032.93 Kcal/kg DM, 2032.93 Kcal/kg DM and 1.14 U.F./kg DM, respectively for vetch seed and were 74%, 2695.60, 1695.6 and 0.94 for bitter vetch seed. These results show that vetch seed is more valuable than bitter vetch as far as nutritive value is concerned.

Cytology of Tilletia indica, the causal agent of Karnal or partial bunt of wheat, was investigated by light and fluorescent microscopy. Following meiosis and mitosis at teliospore germination, promycelia were observed multinuclate. Promycelia bear a cluster of primary filifom sporidia which initially were single, monokaryotic cells. After abstraction cell division occured, bu t each cell stayed momokaryotic. Primary sporidia were directly germinated to bear somatic mycelia or bear secondry allantoid sporidia on strigmata which both monokaryotic. The promycelial, allantoid sporidial and sporogenous mycelial nuclei were subglobose or ovoid, whereas the nuclei of filiform sporidia and somatic hyphae were consistently elongated. Dikarytic sporogenous mycelia isolated from infected wheat caryopses were formed teliospores on potato dextrose agar amended with 0.1% yeast extract after 15-20 days. During teliospore formation in vitro two nuclei were migrated from sporogenous mycelia to probasidial initials which formed at right angles. The dikaryotic probasidia usually were subtended by Y-shaped septa. The evidences of this study suggested that karyogamy was occured during very early stages of probasidial development because even immature teliospore were monokaryotic. Nuclear condition of teliospore formation were easily observed in cultures, but in VIVO the gelatinoid nature of the mycelia in host tissue made this much more difficult.

Introduction: Daily increasing of bacteria resistance (specially Staphylococcus aureus) to various antibiotics in particular penicillin and methicillin has always led the scientists to look for new medicines.Materials and methods: 600 g of Fulgensia fulgens was collected from KaneGonbad mountains in Ilam province, the methanol extract was prepared by soxhle. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract against two gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and Entrococcus faecalis) and two gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherchia coli) was tested by the use of disc diffusion method and microdilution (with determination of MIC and MBC). Wound was made on the dorsal surface of therat and wound infections caused by S.aureus for determination of in VIVO antibacterial effect. Than rats were randomly divided into three groups; control, treated with tetracycline ointment and treated with 10% ointment of F. fulgens extract. Finally, wound areas wear measured on days 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11.Results: Average inhibitory zone diameter of methanolic F. fulgens extract against S. aureus ranged between 11.21 mm to 33.01 mm. According to the wound area on 11th day, it could be concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the control group (0.63 cm2) and two treatment groups (0) (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between a group treated with tetracycline ointment and a group treated with 10% ointment of extract.Discussion and conclusion: According to the results, the methanol extract of F. fulgens in the treatment of infections as S. aureus can be replaced by chemical antibiotics.

Introduction: Manganese is an essential trace element. There is a little evidence for deficiency of manganese in human. Whereas its toxicity has been reported in several cases. Manganese toxicity occurs in humans exposed to high environmental concentrations (for example workers in the dry battery industries) and may be particularly important in the neonatal period. The chemical similarities between manganese and iron, may lead to the disturbances of iron metabolism. Therefore, the interference of Mn with Fe metabolism by In VIVO studies, has been investigated. Methods & Material: In the present project, we used rats. Injection of manganese was carried out by using MnCl2 4H2O, with cancentration 100 mg/ml. Seven group of male rats were selected, so that each group included five rat and manganese injected in their perituneum. Results: The data of this study indicate that factors such as serum iron; TIBC; UIBC and pure transferring reduced to 9-40 percent, whereas serum manganese significantly elevated. Thus, manganese can interference with iron metabolism. Discussion: The data that has been presented in this article elucidated the probable mechanism by which Mn interference with Fe metabolism; which result in the appearance of anemia.

Background: In radiotherapy in-VIVO dosimetry is an effective method of quality assurance (QA) in order to check the patient irradiation, position and overall treatment procedure. Measuring of accuracy and reproducibility of entrance doses and transmission ratios are an important part in QA program. Accuracy should lie between ±5% of prescribed dose as recommended by ICRU. Object of this study was QA of two newly installed and operating Cobalt -60 units. Methods and Material: In this research QA has been performed on two Cobalt-60 teleradiotherapy, THERATRON machines manufactured by AECL of CANADA, using ionization chamber (IC) and thermoluminescent dosimeters.(TLD). Results of each treatment field measurement by both dosimeters were compared with those of prescribed doses. Results Deviations measured by IG and TLD were ±0.56 % and ±3.79% of prescribed doses respectively. The mean deviations of reproducibility for seven treatment fields measured by IC and TLD were 0.83% and 15%. Mean deviations of measured transmission ratios from calculated ratios in both cobalt machines were 2.55% and 12.2% for IC and TLD respectively. The reproducibilities of treatment fields were measured 2.46% by IC and 23% by TLD. Discussion: Relatively fair accuracy (±4%) obtained in this study shows a good stability and functionality of therapy irradiators. Very low differences between measured and prescribed doses, indicating accurate routine calculations in physics section. Evaluating accuracy and reproducibility of transmission ratios can be used for tissue inhomogeneity correction. Using TLD needs special considerations regarding thermal heating and calibration.